Just about Legal Reviews
Law and Order: SVU is in season 12, which clearly depicts the love of the viewers for the show. When you watch Law and Order: SVU season 12 episode 7 online, you will realize that the show deserves even more seasons. Well, the episode has not aired yet. However, the excitement on the show is increasing episode after episode, and there seems no end to entertainment. So, stay tuned with the show, because the coming episode i.e. episode 7 is jam-packed with suspense.
You will see Benson and Stabler investigating the case of a woman, who is raped and murdered. Her dead body is discovered at an industrial laundry service. The case is much more complicated then they think! This will finally fuel viewers to catch Law and Order: SVU season 12 episode 7 online, because they would love to watch it again and again, to solve the mystery themselves.
Well, the excitement of the episode doesnt end here. You will be served with many other thrilling things when you watch Law and Order: SVU season 12 approaching episode 7 online or when it airs. The detectives may think that they have tracked down everything, but they can be wrong. There are possibilities that they may have missed a big loop. Possibly, there can be more victims. Everything will become crystal clear when you watch Law and Order: SVU season 12 online after it airs officially!
From Law and Order: SVU, you can expect unlimited suspense, twists and turns. The complete Law and Order: SVU season 12 seems to be filled with captivating stories. So, missing episodes of the show will be a foolish act. If you fail to catch any episode by accident, then dont forget that the web can make available the episodes of the show. The availability of episodes depends upon the demand. Everyone is aware of the craze of viewers to get Law and Order: SVU season 12 episodes.
At present, viewers only wish to hold the Trophy. Its the name of episode 7. The answer to the question of why the episode is titled as Trophy, will be answered when you catch the episode, which is expected to be highly-entertaining. Maybe, it will raise the standard of the show even higher, and also fuel viewers to grab the coming episodes. The story appears to be interesting; else many things depend on the presentation too. So, prepare yourself to watch Law and Order: SVU season 12 episode 7 online, and grasp the dose of entertainment.
You will see Alex Kingston and Maria Bello as the guest star on the show. Besides, Richard Belzer, Dann Florek, Tamara Tunie and BD Wong will appear on the episode to entertain viewers.
Case Beacon is a collaborative Cloud-based computerized system for legal firms. Various features and functions have been developed in the system to improve profitability and productivity for attorneys and legal companies. Legal firms use Case Beacon to keep track of documents, legal events, court proceedings, scheduled events, and correspondence with clients and opposing counsel. Case Beacon is a system that is easy for attorneys to use and improves the firms’ ability to keep track of legal matters. Case Beacon helps organize legal documents and information related to court proceedings, client-attorney privileged information, and data related to legal matters. Legal firms use Case Beacon to organize the schedules of attorneys, to view a timeline of upcoming events and dates, to improve billing and increase revenue, to communicate with their clients and to manage legal activities within their firm. Cases or legal matters are assigned to Law Firm Staff and Clients, and all activity is tracked within Case Beacon. This single source of information improves visibility of legal firm operations. For large firms with many attorneys this feature alone makes Case Beacon a significant asset. Simple and integrated time tracking and billing improves the accuracy of legal billing activities and increases revenue for the firm. Case Beacon gives the firm owner or lead attorney a transparent view of cases, legal matters, time tracking, and invoicing. Case Beacon uses bank-grade security to maintain confidentiality of legal documents and client information. Attorneys determine the confidentiality of a given type of information and Case Beacon protects the data with three levels of security. Case Beacon uses SSL, encryption, and an additional secure Encryption Password to protect client-attorney conversations through multi-layered encryption. The Encryption Passwords are never stored in the system. Users remain in complete control of their Encryption Password information. Case Beacon has built in templates to help organize and prepare for a case or court appearance. Case Beacon is designed to be easy to use. Lawyers and legal personnel find it quick and easy to learn how to operate Case Beacon software. The system can be accessed from anywhere with a PC, iPad, Android tablet, Windows 8 devices on Chrome or Firefox. There is no software to install or operate at the legal firm offices. Access to individual events recorded in Case Beacon can be provided to others including opposing counsel. All confidential data is protected. Case Beacon maintains a complete historical record of all data changes and documents. This added feature increases protection against legal malpractice claims because the legal firm can quickly summarize all information and data changes. This eliminates the need for paper files and reduces costly e-discovery efforts.
For more information please our website: http://www.casebeacon.com/
Both these categories of consultants are expertise in various spheres like engineering, internet, marketing, process, strategy consultancy and many more.
Visa consultant is one such category that falls under the category of consultants. The question now arise is why there is a requirement of visa consultant and the answer to this is very simple. As we all are very much clear regarding the varying immigration rules of different countries. So it becomes a tough job for people to completely understand each and every immigration law. This thus raised demand for a professionally trained consultant who proves to be a guide in the entire immigration process. visa consultants are well educated and equipped professionals having legal background who assist people throughout the visa immigration process. The duty of theses consultants vary depending upon the background laws and immigration requirements of different countries.
Immigration visa consultants are specialist in all the legal that surrounds the whole immigration process. Immigration process is a bit unclear process involving a number of legal aspects and often includes many pitfalls. This thus embarks great need of immigration visa consultant who communicates well with the immigration authorities and avoids mistake that make create interruption in the visa procedure. They often assure a well presented and therefore guaranteed application on your part offering speedy immigration process on the whole.
Expert Immigration visa consultants aim at offering confidential and personalized consultancy services on your part by understanding the complexity of the whole procedure as well as taking care of your needs and demands as well. A registered visa consultant under the migration authorities can create wonders on your part offering with faster visa without any hassle. The visa consultant often raises the success rate of your application by working in dept with the whole immigration process and customs. They offer consultancy services day in and day out thus assuring complete benefit to you in terms of faster immigration services. Their detailed oriented approach makes them friendly partners for many.
All these aspects together make visa consultants play a crucial role in the whole immigration process as they are the professionals who have depth knowledge of all the legal immigration aspects and thus offering friendly services to the people who are willing to migrate to different parts of the world. This has somewhere brought a tremendous rise in the demand of immigration visa consultants. Looking at this demanding need for visa consultants Immigration Overseas has taken a fruitful step in this direction. Our immigration consultants are duly assisting our clients in preparing a clear migration path for them. The registered and experienced immigration advisors at Immigration Overseas guarantee our clients a highly satisfied immigration approach. Immigration Overseas believes in offering priced guidance and required support by our visa consultants at every step.
The laws safeguard people by making sure that no one is violating their rights. However, it’s also crucial to remember that a person’s right ends where others begin. When a legal conflict comes to place, adhering to the law related to it that will benefit both sides is significant. With this, people or businesses involved in some employment-related issues should search for dependable and proficient employment lawyer that would represent them legally./p>
A lot of people in New York have filed a case against their business employers because of work-related problems. Racial discrimination, sexual harassment, wrongful termination, occupational hazards, and conflicts on wages and benefits are several of the most typical reasons for litigation. Aside from being complex, employment laws are constantly changing. It is of utmost importance for a plaintiff to talk with a NYC employment lawyer to be able to determine if the case has got any merits at all. Lawyers can help people determine on what they must do to deal with the case effectively.
Going for litigation can be disadvantageous sometimes especially when disputes can be quickly settled through negotiation. To guarantee that both parties, especially their clientele will benefit from it, the employment attorneys need to evaluate the benefits and drawbacks very carefully. And because the New York employment lawyers know that strong cases will probably fail because of wrong actions, they see to it that everything is on the good side.
There are several employment lawyers in New York but not all of them could provide great legal representation. The plaintiff must take into account some factors when searching for the best attorney to represent her or him. One of the things you must consider to get the best NYC employment lawyer is his or her experience in the field, knowledge, skill, and professional fee structure. It is very important for lawyers to stay up to date with the current amendments on labor laws in both federal and state levels.
The fee structure of the employment attorney is also something that one needs to take into consideration carefully. It will be much better to look at the payment arrangement first prior to settling to a particular attorney. Aside from the charge, clients also needs to understand where their money will go to prevent any misunderstanding afterwards. Most of the time the NYC employment lawyer will give their clientele a timeline when to get a resolution on the case.
Finding the best New York employment lawyers can be achieved in a number of ways. One can start searching by asking for referrals from buddies, relatives and colleague. The truth is, search for a friend that was able to effectively win over the same case, or something like that. Checking online reviews from past clientele would be helpful as well. It would be best to choose an employment attorney that have a solid reputation and is famous for giving great results.
Personal conversation with employment lawyers is the ideal way to assess their commitment on their vocation as well as how they can help their clients win their case. It is not easy to file a lawsuit against a giant business. Nonetheless, having the right employment lawyer will make it simpler for the workers to fight the battle and obtain desired result.
Looking for Employment Lawyer NYC comes in various options. Widening your understanding is a very important action. To get a more descriptive and complete information, better check out on http://www.yelp.com/biz/young-and-ma-llp-new-york.
Paul Chehade – Symbolic rebuke to President Obama over immigration. Where are we heading? What is our future?
Emboldened House Republicans issued a stern but symbolic rebuke to President Barack Obama over immigration Thursday, passing a bill declaring his executive actions to curb deportations “null and void and without legal effect.” Paul Chehade.
Our nation has been traditionally headed by two political groups, the Democrats and the Republicans. In light of this political failure, what will the future bring to the American people and coming generations? What are the expectations to live a life with dignity and hope.
The Democrats and the Republicans have promised, politically and publicly, to serve the nation for decades, but the reality is that both of them after consecutive failures, only prove that they serve the powerful economic groups that for generations have drained the economy of our nation and have left our citizens in the most precarious and fragile economic situation in the American history.
In light of this political failure, what will the future bring to the American people and coming generations? What are the expectations to live a life with dignity and hope.
Without desire to deepen into the subject I would like to mention the pillars for the growth and strengthening of our society which are essential for the development of every human being: Food, health, housing and education.
In light of the economic crisis that our nation is confronting, mainly due to the bad administration of the last two governments, still today our President Obama is neglecting the fundamental issue of providing basic food supplies for the American people, especially for our children, the future of our nation, that are the most affected in this national crisis. We need to understand that the cost of food has increased almost 50 % in many cases and in other cases up to 100% in the last years. All of this without any real increase in salaries for the fortunate ones that still have the opportunity to work, and without counting the millions of unemployed that are suffering with anguish and despair because they have no means to cover the basic necessities for their families.
In the health area, our government has approved a new health law that in reality does not favor the majority of our citizens; the truth is that the working force of our nation, which is the middle class, is the one being punished with this law. As time has gone by, health for the inhabitants of our nation has become an unattainable luxury for the common citizens that do not count with the minimum economic means to afford the inflated costs of hospitals and medicines.
Regarding housing, it is a common knowledge that more than 1 million people will lose their homes this year, again as a consequence of the economic crisis provoked by the bad administration of our national resources. Under these conditions it will be even more difficult to survive.
Regarding education, consider that every human being requires the minimum conditions to develop, like been properly feed and live in the proper environment to have good health and a decent place to live in order to facilitate a good education. All these aspects are basic and essential for a good educative and professional formation.
I would like to mention that due to the reduction in the Budget, courses that are in the annual school system are being eliminated, as well as many educational centers are starting to reduce the number of teachers and personnel because they claim don’t have enough economic resources.
All the aspects mentioned are fundamental for any society to develop properly and it is very sad to see our nation that has always been the world’s example, submerge in this deep economic, social, moral and cultural crisis. We ask ourselves, what is our future, where we are heading if the leaders elected have not provided any real solution nor have they implemented any concrete measures to improve the quality of life in this country? Each day we see less and less opportunities for the new generations and the basic elements to live are almost inexistent. We now find ourselves in an uncertain future where our values are at high risk, values that were the fundamentals of our nation.
As an example of the lack of ethics during the year 2010 – 2014 in order to cover up the government deficiencies and the lack of decision of our government officials, they have played with the sentiments and necessities of our citizens, thinking that we do not know better, blaming the less fortunate, like the immigrants and other minorities, pretending to distract our attention from the real causes of the bad administration of our politicians who are the only ones to blame for the shortcomings that we are now facing. I wonder, why do we need to suffer and endure the consequences derived from the incapacity of our elected officials?
The true solution to the majority of our problems could be that our politicians would take real conscience that their salaries are paid by the people and should use all their time and energy to work for the benefit of all us, the people, and not for the groups that finance their electoral campaigns.
Keep always in mind that the power comes from the people and the government belongs to the people and that the President of our nation should serve every citizen without distinction of race, color or religion.
Equally, don’t ever forget that the White House represents the liberty and democracy of our nation, that was built by Afro-Americans like many of the houses and buildings were you live have been built by immigrants with or without documents, contributing to the development of this great nation.
With this I want to say that it is fundamental and an obligation that our government officials provide a worthy life to all the citizens of this great nation, without discriminating because everybody including the immigrants has contributed to the formation of our nation.
It is a lack of respect to the human intelligence and immoral to use the suffering of our people for electoral purposes, promising many things that will never be fulfilled. This is a direct treason to the voters and the nation that has believed in them and see their hopes and dreams get shattered by the unfulfilled promises.
Our nation needs Americans and Immigrants in one effort together to create jobs, give a better education to the children, facilities to go to Colleges / Universities and a dignity life to the old people.
Love and freedom form a fundamental duality in human life. One without the other soon becomes a disaster, as would be night without the day. The most important is respect the life, and every day we won’t do what is right is a day we are lose an option to protect our family, community and world.
In our nation we must require that all the citizens supervise the measures and actions taken by our elected officials and the government in general, that way we will prevent our nation from heading toward the cliff, reason why I repeat the question ” Were are we heading?”
Paul Chehade:.
Honor and Truth
For more information please visit:
# # #
In cases of fire accidents which can result to disfigurement and excruciating injuries to victims, it is important that a settlement or litigation should ensue right away in order to recover compensation from the other party.
Either it is an out-of-court settlement or litigation, families and victims are advised to seek assistance from personal injury litigators who can assess the amount of compensation to be demanded.
Also, these lawyers are capable of handling negotiations and presenting evidence which will prove their clients claims and accounts of the fire accident.
It is important for the plaintiff to establish that the defendant has a duty to provide reasonable care and that duty was breached because of negligence which resulted to the accident that produced damages on his end.
Common Sources of Fire Accidents
Fire accidents can happen to anyone, anywhere. They can occur while at a friends house or a company party on a yacht. There are lots of factors which can lead to these accidents and so we should all be wary of the following conditions:
Faulty electrical wirings Defects in the installation of wirings can lead to an explosion and fire accidents. These accidents can be prevented by having electrical technicians regularly checking the wires and power lines.
Defective machineries and equipments Manufacturers have liability over their products that malfunction and cause injuries and damages to consumers. So, it is important for consumers to check whether there are incident reports indicating malfunction before they purchase a product.
Hazardous property condition Each property is its owners responsibility and so its condition must never be taken for granted. Property owners must be able to predict and prevent accidents that might occur in their property especially if it is frequented by other people.
For victims of these accidents, it is important to file lawsuits as soon as possible so that the process for the recovery of compensation will also start immediately.
Disfigurement in Fire Accidents
One of the common damages that fire accidents leave their victims are scarring and disfigurement. Some of these injuries can still be corrected with painful surgery but on worse cases of burn injuries, the burnt area cannot be surgically corrected and so victims have to suffer life-long disfigurement and scarring.
Because of this, they can claim compensation for the pain and suffering that they will go through because of their condition. Also, there are instances when injuries from these accidents would leave victims with limbs that have been amputated to save their lives.
These conditions will compromise their way of living and means to earn income for their needs.
Personal Injury Lawyers
These experts represent the best interest of their clients and sees to it that compensatory damages get paid. So, in order to have successful claims, victims are encouraged to locate personal injury lawyers in their area.
New Home Exercise Program for Lawyers and Other Busy Professionals
By Trial Lawyer, Jon Mitchell Mitch Jackson
Theres one undeniable fact in life that my father-in-law shared with me long ago. Youve got to take care of No. 1 in life before you do anything else. That is, if you dont take care of yourself and your health, then youre not going to be much good to anyone else. To this day I consider this to be some of the best advice Ive ever been given.
Before I jump in to this topic in detail, Id like to tell you who I am. My name is Mitch Jackson and for the past 24 years Ive been a full time trial attorney. In fact, last year I was named Orange County Trial Lawyer of the Year for my verdict in a difficult and tragic wrongful death case. Ive achieved a top AV rating (top rating in ability and ethics) and my firm is listed in the Bar Register of Preeminent Lawyers, an exclusive listing reserved for the best law firms in the United States. Im a multiple time member of the Million Dollar Advocates Club having obtained numerous settlements, judgments, and verdicts in excess of $1,000,000. My firms web site is www.JacksonWilson.com
As a lawyer Im around many other lawyers and professionals. Ive seen how many of them neglect their health and best interest while spending a majority of their time servicing clients and chasing the mighty dollar. While I believe strongly in the free enterprise system, the problem I observe on almost a daily basis is balance or a lack thereof. Ive watched too many professionals essentially sabotage their long-term health with poor short-term diet choices and a lack of exercise.
What started me thinking about all this was an experience I had at a recent mediation. At the hearing, I ran into an old friend who also happens to be one of the most intelligent and talented lawyers Ive had the pleasure of litigating against over the past two decades. His ability to present an extremely persuasive argumenteven when his client is legally wrongis remarkable and truly amazing to experience. Ive seen this guy win several cases that most other lawyers wouldve lost.
But theres one big problem. And I mean BIG problem. My friend, who is a wonderful human being, is extremely overweight and perspires profusely. Needless to say, the first impression he makes to strangers (like witnesses and jurors) is not anywhere close to being as good as it could be.
Now please dont take this observation the wrong way. I learned at a very young age not to judge a book by its cover. I know how wonderful this person is and also respect his legal abilities. Unfortunately, when it comes to practicing law and also to living life, none of us ever gets a second chance to make a good first impression. Its too bad when you really think about it.
Even more important is that most of us already know that poor health brought on by a lack of exercise and bad diet will probably lead to serious medical problems and a shortened life span. Emotionally, many people dealing with overweight or health issues also find themselves suffering from various levels of anxiety and depression.
Effectively representing a client is extremely demanding. It takes a great deal of skill, intellect, and physical effort. I honestly believe that in order to meet the rigorous demands of practicing law and to be the best person and best lawyer that you are capable of being, good health and exercise is mandatory. After all, without your health, you have nothing.
With respect to my overweight friend, Ive heard people talk about him behind his back. Ive observed jurors become distracted by this lawyers awkward manner of walk and heavy breathing while delivering a closing argument. Hes of course aware of these issues but does not know how to go about taking his first emotional and physical steps down the path to good health.
The problem most lawyers have with staying in shape is that many of us have a very limited amount of free time. And when we have free time, in most instances its not put to the best use. In fact, some of the lawyers Ive met unfortunately use their spare time to partake in unhealthy habits such as eating and drinking too much.
What if I told you that Ive come across a very reasonably priced exercise program that you can do at home and without any expensive equipment? What if I told you that this proven program comes on a set of easy to use DVDs that you can start, play and even pause whenever you want? And what if I told you this home exercise course allows you to get back into shape at your own pace and only takes about an hour a day?
The program Ive discovered and am now hooked on is called P90X. Im loving the program so much that each and every day I cant stop thinking about my evening home workout.
I took my first serious look at P90X when some neighbors became excited about the results they were experiencing and seeing with the program. The excitement part is what really interested me. I dont know about you but if Im not excited or having a good time with something, chances are Ill stop doing it sooner rather than later.
With the P90X program, I was seeing smiles on the faces of my friends and over time, watching their bodies change for the better. After hearing for about the twentieth time, Mitch, you should get started. Youll love it I decided to give P90X a try. Without any hesitation whatsoever I can now report this is one of the best life decisions Ive ever made.
In the P90X DVDs, instructor Tony Horton keeps things fun, interesting, challenging, and safe. He also shows you how to exercise properly and how to pace yourself over the 90 day program. Add to this the easy-to-follow meal plans, nutritional advice, and a support system like no other, and I can see myself doing this for the rest of my life.
How about you?
Look, if youve been thinking about improving your health and getting back in to shape, I believe P90X is where your new healthy lifestyle can easily begin. The good news is that theres no need to recreate the wheel. This program works and it works well. All you need to do is plug into it. Whether you’re looking to lose weight or get fit, P90X can provide a solution.
Is it hard? Yes it is. But if you can press the pause and play buttons on your DVD, then you can take as many breaks as you need to get through the program. Theres good reason why so many professionals, athletes and celebrities who are all on limited time schedules (sound familiar) are benefiting from the P90X program.
Find out for yourself. Watch a really good video overview of P90X by clicking
For more information, really cool success stories or to get started today, go to www.activesuccess.com and click on the Shop Beachbody link on the left side of the screen. Next, click on the Fitness Program link and then click on the P90X link. Place your order and youre good to go!
Not only will P90X make you a better lawyer, it will make you a healthier and happier human being. Im using P90X every day and so can you. It also comes with a money back guarantee so when you think about it, what do you really have to lose?
After you get P90X and get in to the program, give me a call or drop me an email and let me know about all the amazing results youre getting! Also dont be shy about sharing P90X with your family and friends.
While I like to do P90X by myself, others have told me they can get through the routine much easier when doing P90X with friends. Hey, it doesnt matter which approach you use as long as you hit the play button and do it!
Requirements for Immigrating to Costa Rica
Have you chosen the land of Pura Vida for residency? If yes, your decision is not wrong as indeed Costa Rica is one of the best places to live in but there are certain requirements which you need to fulfill and documents which you need to submit in order to fulfill this desire. This process must be started at least 3 months before you decide to depart and any request you make for Immigration to Costa Rica has to be directly submitted to the Costa Rican Consulate in your country.
Submit your applications which are addressed to the Director General Migration. If you cannot go personally, grant a power of attorney in Spanish which is both authentic and notarized to your representative who can sign the application form for immigration on your behalf and submit it.
Enclose your birth certificate which reflects the name of your parents.
Submit your marriage certificate if applicable.
Enclose the police certificate which should not be older than 6 months issued by the state of which you have been a resident for the past 2 years.
Submit a photocopy of the passport certified by the local consulate and authenticated by the notary public.
Enclose 4 passport size photographs which are recent with a clear picture of the fore head.
You can also apply, if eligible for your spouse and children who are under 18.Older children with a disability can also be applied for as dependents.
If you have a child between 18 to 25, they too can be considered as dependents if enrolled in a university.
If it is an entire family group applying, according to the Immigration Laws of Costa Rica, each members need an individual file though parents can sign the application on behalf of minor children.
If you plan to practice a profession there, enclose your educational qualifications and other documents that are relevant, apostilled and notarized by the state of your origin.
Opportunities in Costa Rica
If you have all the specified requirements, even though the paper work seems to be a tedious job, you can avail the help of a lawyer familiar with the process.
Many opportunities are available there and if you own a company by investing $200,000, you can generate good income from your investment.
Divorce is not a joke and it has been found through various surveys that more than 40% marriage cases ends up in divorce out here in United States. This is not a small percentage and it has been found that majority of these cases ends up through violence. A single marriage might cost around $28000. However, a single divorce also needs expenses equal to buying the car. This is certainly not a small amount. Thus, divorce is not a cheap process. However, it is a necessity and most of the people want to have it as they find out that it is the only solution.
There are many kinds of divorce forms and all of them have some specific job to complete. There are separation forms, divorce decree form, uncontested divorce forms and many more. They are available in court, market, and they are available online as well. The free divorce forms however, are available online only and you cannot get them free anywhere else.
It is important to know the divorce laws in detail; otherwise, it is hard to search for the divorce forms. There are generally two kinds of divorce possible. The first one is the adversarial and the second one is done through mediation. Mediation can be cheaper but the adversarial cases are always costly. Generally, in these kinds of cases, more money is required and hence most of the couples try to find the cheaper method for divorce. It is definitely true that majority of divorce cases in United States are headed by the violence.
However, these are due to relationship and personally both of the spouses wants to break the relationship through easy process. This is the main reason why the divorce forms are now being made available online and many firms are now in this business. These forms can be bought free of cost through many sites. However, there are many pitfalls of the online forms as well. It is hard to find out that these free forms are original or fake. This is the most important problem with the divorce papers and thus there are some facts, which need to be kept in mind.
There is much kind of forms available. The first one is the complete step by step instruction set, original answer forms, affidavit for inability to pay, waiver of citation, affidavit for citation by posting, final divorce decree, certificate of last known address, testimony for divorce and many more. Some of the other forms like marriage settlement forms are also quite popular.
Each product is quite useful and has its own importance. However, sometimes it is better to pay some amount and not buy them free of cost. There might be some virus affecting your computer through free products. Some sites however, can be trusted and free divorce forms can definitely be bought. Through this process, the total cost will be only around 250 to 300 dollars. The adversarial cases cost around 28000 dollars and hence there is no doubt at all the online divorce forms is advantageous.
Like light, when an incident ultrasonic wave encounters an interface to an adjacent material of a different velocity, at an angle other than normal to the surface, then both reflected and refracted waves are produced.
Understanding refraction and how ultrasonic energy is refracted is especially important when using angle probes or the immersion technique. It is also the foundation formula behind the calculations used to determine a materials first and second critical angles.
First Critical Angle
Before the angle of incidence reaches the first critical angle, both longitudinal and shear waves exist in the part being inspected. The first critical angle is said to have been reached when the longitudinal wave no longer exists within the part, that is, when the longitudinal wave is refracted to greater or equal than 90, leaving only a shear wave remaining in the part.
Second Critical Angle
The second critical angle occurs when the angle of incidence is at such an angle that the remaing shear wave within the part is refracted out of the part. At this angle, when the refracted shear wave is at 90 a surface wave is created on the part surface
Formula
The relationship between the angle of the incident and refracted sound waves is descibed by the following formula:
Sin(A1)/V1 = Sin(A2)/V2
Where
A1 = The incident sound wave angle in degrees
V1 = The acoustic velocity of the incident material in metres per second
A2 = The refracted sound wave angle in degrees
V2 = The acoustic velocity of the refracted material in metres per second
By simple arrangment the formula may be changed to find any one of the values, provided that the other three unknown values are supplied.
E.g. To find the refracted angle, given the incident angle and velocity and the refracted material velocity the equation is rearranged as below:
V2 * (Sin(A1)/V1) = Sin(A2)
Getting the inverse of the answer, that is the inverse of Sin(A2) will return the angle in degrees of the refracted angle.
If this all seems a bit too hard, but your desperate for an instant answer then visit http://www.ndtcalc.com for the free online calculator!